Determinants of Youth Radicalization and the De-Radicalization Process: A Case Study of Mandera East Sub-County, Mandera County, Kenya

Abstract

Youth radicalization poses a significant challenge to peace and stability in Mandera East Sub-County, a region in Kenya that borders Somalia and is highly vulnerable to extremist influence. This study explores radicalisation's underlying drivers, evaluates counter-narrative strategies' effectiveness, and identifies the barriers to their implementation. Root causes include economic deprivation, high unemployment, social and political marginalization, and targeted ideological manipulation by extremist networks. These issues are compounded by strained relationships between communities and security agencies, limited access to education, and weak institutional support systems. This study is guided by the Staircase Model of Radicalization, Social Identity and Framing Theory and targeted a population of 13,511 individuals. The study employed a descriptive research design and gathered data from 384 participants, including youth, local leaders, religious figures, civil society actors, and security personnel. Data collection methods included semi-structured questionnaires and key informant interviews, with a pilot study conducted to ensure methodological rigour. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS, while qualitative responses were thematically examined. The findings reveal that educational outreach, mentorship, economic empowerment initiatives, community policing, and psychosocial support are critical in preventing and reversing radicalization. Religious and civil society actors play a pivotal role in delivering these interventions. However, the success of these initiatives is hindered by inadequate funding, lack of trust between stakeholders—particularly between communities and security agencies and ongoing exposure to extremist narratives and actors. The study recommends a coordinated, multi-sectoral approach to countering violent extremism. This includes strengthening education systems, expanding livelihood opportunities for youth, enhancing trust and cooperation between communities and security agencies, and investing in rehabilitation and reintegration programs. Moreover, regional collaboration across the Mandera Triangle is essential to address cross-border threats. This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by contextualizing radicalization and de-radicalization within a fragile border region, offering empirical evidence to inform policy and programming. It underscores the need for holistic, locally driven solutions to build resilience against violent extremism and promote sustainable peace.