http://repository.anu.ac.ke/handle/123456789/5 2026-08-23T18:46:59Z http://repository.anu.ac.ke/handle/123456789/1209 Relationship Between Post Traumatic Stress Disorder And Recovery Performance Among Clients With Substance Use Disorders in Selected Rehabilitation Centres in Nairobi County Njoroge, Margaret M. The purpose of the study was to assess the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and recovery performance among clients with substance use disorders in selected rehabilitation centers in Nairobi County. The objectives of the study were: to assess the prevalence of PTSD, establish the rate of relapse to substance use among clients with a history of PTSD, to determine the relationship between perception of safety and sobriety, and possible intervention strategies for the treatment of clients with substance use disorder who have experienced PTSD from the selected rehabilitation centers in Nairobi County. The study was anchored on the cognitive behavioral theory and the behavioral theory. The study employed a correlational research design. The target population was 100,000 from where a sample of 200 was calculated using the Krejcie & Morgan formula. In-patient clients were sampled using random sampling techniques and data was collected using questionnaires and analyzed using cross-tabulation and displayed through tables, charts and bar charts. The prevalence of PTSD was measured using the International Trauma Questionnaire. The findings of the study indicated that there was a high prevalence of PTSD (99.5%) among individuals with substance use disorders. Emotional trauma was the most prevalent, followed by car accidents, violence, and sexual trauma. The demographic insights highlighted that males aged 20-29 and 30-39 were particularly affected. The study also established that there was a high relapse rate of 98% among the respondents. The factors contributing to relapse included stress, negative emotions, social pressure, and poor coping strategies. The study also established a strong link between perceived insecurity or discomfort in living or work environments and substance use disorder recovery. Almost all respondents (99.5%) reported a high level of perceived insecurity, and 95.4% perceived their environment as unsafe. The findings indicated that feeling safe was closely tied to maintaining sobriety for 95.4% of respondents. The entire surveyed population (100%) was actively seeking help while (88%) were utilizing detoxification. Further, 79% of respondents suggested the effectiveness of a multifaceted approach, endorsing the use of detoxification, medication, and support groups while 97% preferred treatment programs that addressed substance use disorder and PTSD simultaneously, emphasizing the importance of a coordinated approach in addressing these interconnected issues. The study beneficiaries include healthcare providers like clinicians and counselors, rehabilitation center managers, addiction and recovery curriculum developers and addiction policymakers who will gain insight into effective treatment strategies tailored to clients with co-occurring PTSD and SUD. The study suggested further research with gender specificity, peer-led trauma and addiction recovery support, and a similar longitudinal study with various behavioral, medical and or other recovery interventions to test for effectiveness. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of master Art in counselling psychology, school of humanities and social sciences, department of counselling psychology of Africa Nazarene University. 2024-06-01T00:00:00Z http://repository.anu.ac.ke/handle/123456789/1208 Effect of Parental Divorce on Academic Performance Among Teenagers From Selected Primary Schools in Kajiado Central Zone Kajiado County, Kenya Kariuki, Dorcas Njeri Divorce has such an adverse impact on children’s general well-being, especially on how they perform their daily duties at home and in school, but with support systems this impact is likely to be altered. Children from divorced families continue to suffer inwardly without people realizing how harmful it can be to their academic goals. This study analyzed the psychological and emotional effects of divorce on teenagers and their subsequent influence on academic performance of teens, explored how changes in socio-economic status after divorce influence the academic performance of teens and evaluated the effectiveness of school-based counseling in mitigating the negative effects of divorce on the academic performance of teens from selected schools in schools in Kajiado Central Zone, Kajiado County. The study applied cognitive behavioral theory by Beck and social learning theory by Bandura. To collect relevant data, the researcher used a case study and descriptive factorial research design to collect data. The target population involved 500 teenagers from divorced families. Purposive and snowballing sampling methods were applied to select respondents. The sample size for effective research was 40 boys and 40 girls, 10 counsellor teachers and 10 parents from the targeted schools. Sample population comprised of 100 responders. The study obtained data through interviews and questionnaires. The research instruments were pilot tested to determine their validity and reliability. Data was collected and was analyzed statistically and thematically, and findings presented using tables. The findings showed that divorce can negatively impact children’s moral and academic performance behavior and that academic support or counseling can have a favorable effect on their academic performance. This showed that the effectiveness of these kinds of treatments in raising academic performance is relevant. However, the results showed a lack of academic support programs and limited counselling services. Therefore, this study recommends academic support programs in schools, offering counseling and financial assistance to children adversely affected by their parents’ divorce. Integrating moral education into school curriculum and strengthening family support network and promoting positive role modelling. The Ministry of Education introduces in-service training in guidance and counseling for all teachers who do not have basic training in guidance and counseling skills. This training would equip teachers with skills to handle pupils who require assistance. A Final Thesis Submitted in partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Master of Arts in Counseling Psychology in the Counseling Psychology Department, School of Humanities and Social Sciences of Africa Nazarene University 2024-06-01T00:00:00Z http://repository.anu.ac.ke/handle/123456789/1207 Investigation of Ways to Mitigate The Effects of Trauma Among Adolescents A Case Study of A Centre in Village 2 of Mathare Slums, Nairobi County Kamoshu, Lydiah Mucece Trauma is a disturbing and distressing experience in life and has an emotional response due to terrible events such as accidents, rape and natural disasters. After an event and shock, denial is evident and long-term reactions which include unpreceded emotions. The purpose of the study was to investigate the ways of mitigating the effects of trauma among adolescents in the Redeemed Gospel Church Program (RGCP) centre in Village 2 of Mathare slums Nairobi County in Kenya. Mathare slums, where the centre is located, was marred with the post-election violence of 2008 and is prone to all kinds of abuses and disease outbreaks, and poverty. The research objectives were to assess the parental awareness of the effects of trauma among adolescents, the effects of different forms of trauma, and the ways of mitigating the effects of trauma among adolescents in the R.G.C.P. centre in village 2 of Mathare slums, Nairobi County, Kenya. The study was guided by trauma-focused cognitive behavioural theory and psychoanalytic theories. The target population was 120 adolescents ages 12-19. and the study sample was 92 from the RGCP centre of village 2 in Mathare slums. The centre comprises a manager, 2 social workers, 3 part-time teachers, and 350 children and adolescents, The study will benefit the centre workers, the government, and the counsellors. The research was a descriptive study design, random sampling was used to select the sample size, and ones to participate in the study. The study sampled 92 adolescents, which was determined through the Krejercie Morgan table where the corresponding number of the target population was the sample size as explained in chapter three on sample determination. The research instruments were structured questionnaires and an interview guide for data collection for the social workers and part-time teachers. The data collected was entered and cleaned of errors and analysed statistically using a statistical package for social science (SPSS 23) computer application. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, and percentages, were used to analyse the data collected. Charts, graphs, and tables were used to present the study findings diagrammatically. The study findings revealed majority of the parents knew the effects of trauma amongst adolescents of the centre. On the forms of trauma, the respondents named emotional, abuse, psychological, violence, and disasters among others. On recommendations on interventions for mitigating the effects of trauma almost half of the respondents suggested, that educating parents on the effects of trauma and empowering respondents and also having a resident counsellor in the centre. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fullfilment of The Requirements For The Award of The Degree of Master of Arts in Counselling Psychology in The Department of Counselling Psychology 2024-06-01T00:00:00Z http://repository.anu.ac.ke/handle/123456789/1206 Influence of Stress on Work Performance Among Secondary School Teachers in Kiambaa Sub-County, Kiambu County, Kenya Mbugua, John Chege Stress is a major concern in the workplace, and it can have a significant impact on employee performance. Teachers are particularly susceptible to stress because of the demanding feature of their engagement. This study investigated the influence of stress on work performance in secondary school teachers in Kiambaa Sub County, Kiambu County. The research objectives were to explore the influence of workload-related stress, school management-related stress, and stress-induced exhaustion on work performance. This study was guided by two theoretical frameworks, the personenvironment (PE) Fit Model of Stress and the Job Demand-Resources (JDR) Theory. The study used a descriptive survey as the research design. The target population was 208 secondary school teachers in all 12 schools in Kiambaa Sub-County. A sample of 138 teachers was selected using stratified random sampling techniques. Stratification was done based on the type of school (public or private) and the level of teaching experience (less than five years or five years and above). The study used a selfadministered questionnaire as the primary data collection instrument. Interviews were employed to get more insight as well as to generate secondary data. The instrument was pretested and validated before administering it to the sample through a pilot study in 4 schools. For instrument reliability Cronbach alpha of 0.82 was determined. Obtained data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive and inferential statistics used included weighted means, standard deviation, relative frequencies and percentages. The reliability of the tools used in this study entail the implementation of a test-retest method. The content validity used expert judgmental method where the questionnaires were given out to the principals who had critical examination and provided comments and feedback to the researcher. The data was analyzed with the use of Scientific Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0 to generate correlation and regression variables. Descriptive analysis and presentation by the researcher from which a summary was made in tables, graphs and pie charts for interpretation and inference. The findings revealed weak correlations between workload stress, poor school management-related stress, stress-induced exhaustion, and job performance. Teachers generally rated their job performance favorably but expressed concerns about stress impacts. The study recommends workload management programs, communication improvements, stress management workshops, and policy reforms to support teacher well-being and enhance performance A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of arts in counseling psychology in the counseling psychology department, school of humanities and social sciences of Africa Nazarene University 2024-07-01T00:00:00Z http://repository.anu.ac.ke/handle/123456789/1205 An Analysis of Premarital Counseling in Mitigating Intimate partner Violence Among The Clergy in The Anglican Diocese of Makueni County, Kenya Mutua, Joel Ndivo Intimate-partner violence (IPV) is a public health crisis borne mainly by men and women from all socio-economic, cultural, and religious groups worldwide. IPV has severe social and economic impacts on societies and countries. This study aimed to assess the role of premarital counseling in mitigating intimate-partner violence among the clergy in the Diocese of Makueni County. The objectives of the study were to: examine the relevance of premarital counseling programs in relation to marital stability among the clergy, establish the causes of intimate-partner violence among the clergy in Makueni Diocese, identify the effectiveness of premarital counseling in resolving marital conflicts among the clergy, and to determine the competency of the clergy as premarital counselors in preparing couples for marriage responsibilities. The research under study applied social learning and psychoanalytic theory. The study used a descriptive research method to explore the link between the independent and dependent variables. The researcher applied stratified sampling to select a sample of 60 respondents from the target population of 100 clergy. The researcher applied 60 questionnaires with 22 questions categorized into four sections to study respondents and held one focus group discussion comprising 15 clergy. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28.0 software was used for quantitative data analysis. The researcher analyzed qualitative data obtained through the focus group discussions using thematic analysis. The study results reveal that 74% of the clergy never attended PMC sessions, while only 25% attended PMC sessions. Among those who attended the PMC sessions, none had an idea of the PMC programs that they attended. Respondents indicated that sex-related issues, finances, and use of mobile were the major causes of conflicts. Results also indicated that 59% of respondents experienced physical violence, 64% emotional violence and 63% experienced sexual violence. Men recorded the highest (58%) incidence of IPV, while only 32% for females. The results also indicated that couples who attended PMC sessions had few marital conflicts as compared to those who did not attend. Regarding the competency of the clergy as PMC counselors, results indicate that 49% of the clergy had received some form of training in PMC. 68% of the respondents indicated that they did not use a PMC manual but applied their knowledge and the bible to undertake PMC. The study recommends that the church and other service providers emphasize the importance of PMC to couples intending to marry, and they need to develop PMC programs that instill conflict resolution skills. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Master of Arts in Psychological Counseling in the Department of Counseling Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences of Africa Nazarene University. 2024-04-01T00:00:00Z http://repository.anu.ac.ke/handle/123456789/1204 Influence of Familial Functionality on Relapse among adult Male Psychoactive Drug And Substance users recovering in Rehabilitation Centres in Kiambu county, Kenya Muchiri, Esther Waruguru The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of familial functionality(cohesion, adaptability, communication) on relapse among males recoveringfrompsychoactive drugs and substance abuse in rehabilitation centres in Kiambucounty. The objectives of the study included: to establish the influence of family cohesiononrelapse, to determine the role of family adaptability on relapse and to examinetheimpact of family communication on relapse among males recoveringfrompsychoactive substance abuse in rehabilitation centers in Kiambu County. The studywas based on the family systems theory by Salvador Minuchin (1985). The studyuseda correlational research design using purposive and simple randomsampling. Thetarget population was 297 relapsed male drug and substance users recoveringinrehabilitation centres in Kiambu County, Kenya. Using randomsampling, the studyyielded a sample of 121 relapsed males which was 40 % of the total population(Mugenda and Mugenda 2013). Purposive sampling was employed to get a total of 11addiction counselors one from each rehabilitation centre. The data was collectedusingself-rated questionnaire for relapse indicating how many times the recoveringpsychoactive drug and substance user had relapsed, a modified family functionalityquestionnaire (FACES IV) was used to solicit information about the familyfunctionality based on family cohesion, family adaptability and familycommunication. Further, an interview guide to solicit in-depth information fromtheaddiction counselors was used. The validity of the instruments was determinedbysupervisors and expert validators from the Department of Counseling Psychology. piloting of the instruments was done in two rehabilitation centres that were not usedfor the final study. reliability of the instruments was calculated using the split halfmethod and then subjected to Spearman Brown Correction which yieldedacorrelation index of greater than.72 which was high reliability. With the helpofStatistical Package for social sciences version 23, descriptive statistics was analysedusing means, and standard deviation. ANOVA analysis was used to test therelationship between the three variables which included cohesion, flexibilityandcommunication and their influence on relapse. Qualitative data was analysed basedonthemes and results described in a narrative. The results revealed that the relapsedsubstance users had low cohesion with their families (mean =3.190, sd=1.614, p=0.015 ≤ 0.05) which increased relapse and also had poor andhostilecommunication between family members (mean= 3.264, sd=1.44, 0.005 ≤0.05)which was a leading cause for relapse. However, there was moderate adaptabilitybetween family members and the relapsed substance abuser (mean 2.917, sd=1.446, p= 0.048 ≤ 0.05) which somewhat reduced the rate of relapse. In conclusion, familial functionality was found to have significant effect on the relapse of the malesrecovering from psychoactive drug and substance use in rehabilitation centresinKiambu County. The study recommended that families should receive familytherapies organized by directors during open/visitation days in the rehabilitationcentres to increase cohesion, adaptability and enhance better communicationamongthemselves and the recovering substance abuser. This will reduce isolationandintroduce openness resulting to faster recovery and low relapse rate. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Master of Arts in Counseling Psychology in the Counseling Psychology Department, School of Humanities and Social Sciences of Africa Nazarene University 2024-04-01T00:00:00Z http://repository.anu.ac.ke/handle/123456789/1203 Effect of Self Esteem on Psychological Wellness Among Adolescent Students in Nairobi: A Case of Hillcrest International School Kagoma, Esther Developing high self-esteem and avoiding low self-esteem are commonly seen as critical social goals, especially among adolescents. Despite this, institutions are yet to develop and implement psychological wellness programs that promote adolescent students' well-being. Therefore, this study sought to examine the effect of self-esteem on psychological wellness among adolescent students in a case study of Hillcrest international school, in Nairobi, Kenya. The study was guided by objectives that sought to evaluate the effect of high, moderate and low self-esteem on the psychological wellness of adolescent students in Hillcrest international school in Nairobi, Kenya. Self-determination and Sociometer theories guided the study. A descriptive cross-sectional study approach was employed in the research. The targeted population was 570 adolescent high school students in Hillcrest international school in Nairobi, Kenya. The researcher sampled 235 high school students through the random sampling method. Data was gathered through the use of questionnaires and interviews. To measure the level of self-esteem of the respondents, the researcher utilized the Rosenberg self-esteem scale, to measure the psychological wellness of the participants, the study used Ryff’s PWB scale. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to find the relationship between self-esteem and psychological wellness. The findings indicated a significant positive correlation (r = 0.169 p = 0.831) between high self-esteem and psychological wellness, indicating a positive relationship. Consequently, a significant positive correlation (r = 0.973, p = 0.027) was established between moderate self-esteem and psychological wellness, indicating a positive relationship. On the relationship between low-self esteem and psychological wellness, the findings (r = -0.457 p = 0.543) indicated a significant negative correlation between low-esteem and psychological wellness. Themes established from the interviews were consistent with the quantitative findings. Therefore, the findings of the study established that there is a significant relationship between the different levels of self-esteem and psychological wellness, with high and moderate selfesteem impacting the psychological wellbeing of the respondents positively and low selfesteem impacting the psychological wellbeing of the respondents negatively. Heads of learning institutions and the Ministry of Education may benefit from the findings of this study to propose methods to improve the psychological well-being of adolescent students A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of The Requirements For The Award of The Degree of Master of Arts in Counseling Psychology in The Counseling Psychology Department, School of Humanities And Social Sciences of Africa Nazarene University 2024-06-01T00:00:00Z http://repository.anu.ac.ke/handle/123456789/1202 Analysis of The Relationship Between Depression, Drug And Substance Use Among The University of Eldoret Students Lambert, Augustine Kiptoo Drug and substance use among university students is becoming common and can result in a range of academic, physical, mental, and social challenges The relationship between depression, drugs and substance use among undergraduate students is complex and multifaceted, and more research is needed to understand the nature of this relationship fully. Therefore, this study sought to analyse the relationship between depression, drug and substance use among the University of Eldoret undergraduate students. The objectives of the study were to: determine the depression levels among undergraduate students using drugs and substances, examine the levels of drugs and substance use among the undergraduate students, and analyse the relationship between depression, drug, and substance use among the University of Eldoret students. This study used a mixed-methods approach, adopting descriptive survey research design and correlational research design. The study targeted 14,000 students enrolled at the University of Eldoret and 7 departmental heads. Snowballing approach was used to select the students who use drugs and substances, and all the 7 departmental heads were selected. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and an interview schedule. Undergraduate students who use drugs and substances were given these two data collection tools. The qualitative data from interview schedules were analysed using a thematic method and presented in the form of verbatims and reports. The quantitative data from questionnaires were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics using Scientific Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0. Descriptive statistics included frequency, mean, standard deviation, and percentages. Inferential statistics included chi-square. The study findings revealed that most respondents (71.1%) reported experiencing symptoms of depression and mental distress before they started using drugs and substances. A considerable proportion of respondents (94.5%) reported having someone express concern about their drinking habits or advise them to reduce consumption. There was a significant association between drug substance usage and depression, with the higher frequency of drug use being associated with a higher percentage of individuals reporting depression (χ2 = 33.471, df = 12, p = .001). The study concluded that most students (71.1%) experience depression before engaging in drug and substance use, emphasizing the need for early detection and intervention strategies. The study recommended that universities should prioritize Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) initiatives to address depression symptoms among students. Universities should foster a supportive environment, promoting well-being and academic success through support groups and policies to promote the students' mental health and psychosocial well-being. This study contributes to knowledge by highlighting the relationship between depression and drug use among students. It emphasizes the importance of early detection and intervention strategies, as well as the need for universities to prioritize mental health support initiatives A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Master of Arts in Psychological Counseling in the Department of Counseling Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences of Africa Nazarene University 2024-02-01T00:00:00Z http://repository.anu.ac.ke/handle/123456789/1201 Early Childhood Trauma's Psychological Effects on Children From Single-Parent Households in Kenya: A Case of Selected Primary Schools in Kanduyi Sub-County, Bungoma County, Kenya Taiga, Job Wanyanja The study investigated the psychological impact of early childhood trauma on children from single-parent families in Bungoma County, Kenya. This study investigated the effects of early childhood trauma on the psychological well-being of children from single-parent families, seeking to uncover nuanced insights into the specific psychological indicators affected by trauma exposure. The study drew upon Erikson's psychosocial development theory to understand how early trauma may disrupt normal progression through psychosocial stages and influence psychological outcomes. The target population comprised 28,000 children from parents single-parent families, while 379 participants were sampled for the study. Quantitative data were collected using structured questionnaires and surveys to assess psychological symptoms, resilience factors, and demographic information. Two standardized tests were used: Eisen, "Children's Posttraumatic Symptom Inventory (PT-SIC)," and, "Revisions to the Traumatic Events Screening Inventory-Parent Report (TESI-PRR)".Other tools that bridged the generation gap: CPSS (Child PTSD Symptom Scale): The CPSS is a self-report questionnaire used to measure the symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in children between the ages of 6 and 17. Qualitative data were gathered through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with children, teachers, and single parents. The research interviews were conducted with 15 children from a sample of 379, 10 teachers and 10 single parents, who were selected through snowball sampling. Both data types were analyzed separately and integrated to understand the research questions, using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24. Findings indicated a significant relationship between the type and severity of early childhood trauma and various psychological symptoms. The study revealed that early childhood trauma has lasting effects on children's psychological wellbeing, mediated by cultural, socioeconomic, and resilience factors. The impact of trauma was 12.9% among children aged 4 to 6 years, 31.7% among those aged 7-12, and 55.4% among 13 to 17 years old children. The study recommends the development and implementation of early intervention programs to address the psychological needs of children who have experienced trauma. Further, increasing access to mental health services for both children and their caregivers is crucial, while engaging communities and local support networks are essential to creating safe and nurturing environments for the children while remaining mindful of cultural considerations A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Arts in Counseling Psychology in the Department of Counseling Psychology and the School of Humanities and Social Sciences of Africa Nazarene University 2024-06-01T00:00:00Z http://repository.anu.ac.ke/handle/123456789/1200 Effect of Alcohol Use on Mental Health of Persons With Physical Disability: A Case of Members of Association For The Physically Disabled of Kenya (Apdk) Gitau, Susan Alcohol abuse is a global issue that affects many people from diverse backgrounds, professions, social status among others. This study analysed the effect of alcohol use on the mental health status of persons living with physical disabilities in Kenya, with a specific focus on individuals in Nairobi County. The research aimed to determine the prevalence of alcohol use, examine the social effect of alcohol among persons with physical disability, investigate the emotional effect, and assess the overall mental health status among persons with physical disabilities registered with the APDK in Nairobi, Kenya. Guided by social learning theory, the biological model, and the theory of rational addiction, the study employed a descriptive correlational research design using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data was collected through sociodemographic and structured validated questionnaires, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Sampling methods included purposive sampling to select participants from specific Nairobi County areas and stratified sampling based on APDK registration data, resulting in a sample size of 108. Three FGDs were conducted to gather qualitative insights until data saturation was reached. The study found a high prevalence of alcohol use among persons with physical disabilities in Nairobi County, with many participants consuming 3 to 6 drinks daily and incurring substantial weekly alcohol expenses. Majority represented age group were males aged 31-40 years representing (47.6%) of the respondents. Behaviorally, alcohol abuse led to increased aggression (88.6%) among the respondent and 85.7% of respondents reported negative effects on their relationships with significant others. This suggested that alcohol use among PWPDs was particularly prevalent in this demographic population. The alcohol consumption led to significant mental health issues, including high psychological distress, and severe health problems like liver diseases and ulcers. Behavioural issues such as aggression, violence, and frequent accidents were common, negatively affecting social relationships and overall quality of life. The study concluded that alcohol use greatly worsened the mental health and wellbeing of PWPDs. The study beneficiaries include United Disabled Persons of Kenya, APDK, alcohol recovery, rehabilitation and treatment centres and Africa Mental Health Foundation as well as related policy makers. Recommendations include enhanced psychoeducation on alcohol effect, robust support systems and counselling services, economic empowerment initiatives, and community engagement to create supportive environments for PWPDs. The study suggested further research in conducting longitudinal studies to track the long-term effect of alcohol abuse on the mental health, physical health, and social outcomes of PWPDs, in-depth personal interviews to draw underlying motivations, comparative studies against normal populations and policy analysis to check prevention, treatment and intervention gaps A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Master of Arts in Counseling Psychology School of Humanities and Social Sciences in the Counseling Psychology Department of Africa Nazarene University 2024-06-01T00:00:00Z