Governance Peace and Conflict Studies

Assessing the performance of the Kenya coast guard service in enhancing maritime security in Homa Bay County, Kenya

2025-08-05T11:24:22Z

Assessing the performance of the Kenya coast guard service in enhancing maritime security in Homa Bay County, Kenya Namushi, Joab Obindah Maritime security has become increasingly significant in the monitoring and regulating of maritime operations. This underscores the need to assess the performance and effectiveness of the Kenya Coast Guard Service (KCGS) in ensuring maritime security, particularly in Homa Bay County, Kenya. To achieve this aim, the study was guided by the following specific objectives: to examine the activities undertaken by the KCGS in ensuring maritime security; to assess the effectiveness of these activities; to evaluate the legal framework governing the KCGS, and to identify the challenges faced by the KCGS in maintaining maritime security in Homa Bay County, Kenya. Co-management Theory and Institutional Theory guided the study. It adopted a mixed method research design focusing on a sample size of 128 participants from a target population of 273 in Homa Bay County, selected using Yamane’s sampling method. Data was gathered through questionnaires and in-depth interviews, collecting qualitative and quantitative data. Quantitative data was analysed using SPSS v27 software to present the results in tables, while qualitative data was analysed thematically to identify emerging themes. This mixed-methods approach provided a more comprehensive understanding of stakeholder perspectives by capturing measurable trends and deeper contextual insights. The use of triangulation enhanced the validity and reliability of the findings. In particular, qualitative interviews facilitated exploring subjective experiences and institutional challenges that could not be captured through structured questionnaires alone. Integrating both forms of data bolstered the robustness of the conclusions drawn, ensuring that the results reflected the diverse views and realities of the respondents within the selected population. The study found that the Kenya Coast Guard Service is actively involved in maritime security, with its activities in Homa Bay County including surveillance, coastal defence, and policy leadership. Additionally, the study identified challenges such as insufficient funding, corruption, limited equipment, lax enforcement, and minimal community involvement that hinder the service's efficacy. Although respondents acknowledged the value of current legislative frameworks, they also pointed out deficiencies in inter-agency collaboration and training. The need for greater awareness, inclusive participation with local communities, and improved institutional accountability was also emphasised. A more organised and well-resourced strategy prioritising capacity training, policy adherence, and active community participation is vital to bolster maritime security and improve the operational efficiency of the KCGS.

The impact of organizational culture on occupational crime in pharmaceutical manufacturing companies in Nairobi County

2022-08-04T08:52:48Z

The impact of organizational culture on occupational crime in pharmaceutical manufacturing companies in Nairobi County Githaiga, Willy Wandahi The Association of Certified Fraud Examiners reports 2016 indicated that over 633.40 billion Kenya shillings are lost yearly due to occupational crimes. Similarly, the Global Business Ethics study indicated that senior and middle-level management commits 23% and 32% of the corruption cases. Whereas Price Waterhouse Coopers report indicated that about 36% of the firms faced economic crimes, with emerging and developed markets affected more in 2016, most companies are yet to adopt fraud detecting and deterrent strategies to mitigate such occupational crimes. This study aimed to establish the effect of organizational culture on occupational crime in pharmaceutical manufacturing companies in Nairobi County. The study's specific objectives comprise organizational ethics, financial, board oversight, and corporate size on occupational crime in pharmaceutical manufacturing companies in Kenya. This study was grounded on the Fraud Triangle Theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The study targeted all the 26 licensed Manufacturing firms for Pharmaceutical in Nairobi County registered under the Kenya Association of Pharmaceutical Industry in 2020. The study used both quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data were collected using self-administered questionnaires using the drop and pick method. While qualitative data were collected utilizing interview guide sheets. A pilot test study was carried out before the actual research. The study employed descriptive statistics to analyze the quantitative data using SPSS version 22. Qualitative data from the Key Informants were analyzed thematically using content analysis. Analysis results were presented using figures and tables. All statistical analyses were carried out at 95% significance level. Correlation results showed that organizational culture positively and significantly influences occupational fraud. Regression findings also indicated that financial controls, board oversight, organizational ethics, and corporate size positively and significantly influence occupational crimes in pharmaceutical companies in Nairobi County. The study established that poor financial controls and board oversight are associated with higher occupational malpractices in the company. Additionally, the study established that the presence and adherence to an organizational code of ethics are associated with decreased incidences of occupational fraud. The study established that poor financial controls and board oversight are associated with higher occupational crimes in the company. Additionally, the study established that the presence and adherence to an organizational code of ethics are associated with decreased incidences of occupational fraud. Further, the study established that corporate size is associated with the frequency of occurrence and seriousness of occupational fraud. The study also established that the level of employee monitoring determines occupational fraud incidences and corporate size. The study recommends the management of pharmaceutical companies establish effective financial control measures and realistic regulatory measures such as fraud risk evaluation and oversight to combat occupational crimes in the pharmaceutical companies.

Contribution of private sector motor transport actors in the fight against corruption at the National Transport and Safety Authority, Kenya.

2022-08-04T08:47:52Z

Contribution of private sector motor transport actors in the fight against corruption at the National Transport and Safety Authority, Kenya. Majondo, Suleiman Hamisi Corruption remains the biggest challenge to the timely and efficient provision of public goods in services such as water, education, healthcare and transportation. This requires the concerted effort of both public and private actors to combat the vice to alleviate the problems emanating from corruption. The study sought to determine the contribution of the private sector motor transport actors in the fight against corruption at the National Transport and Safety Authority (NTSA). The study was guided by the following objectives: to determine the effectiveness of the strategies used by the private sector motor transport actors in the fight against corruption, to assess the adequacy of the legal framework used by private sector motor transport actors in the fight against corruption and to determine the challenges undermining the private sector motor transport actors efforts in the fight against corruption at the NTSA. The study was anchored on the institutional theory as well as the collective action theory. A descriptive research design was adopted for this study. Data was collected from a sample size of 384 respondents using questionnaires and key informant interviews respondents. Convenience, stratified, simple random and purposive sampling techniques were used in distributing the members of the sample across the strata. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics obtained using SPSS version 26 while thematic analysis was undertaken for the qualitative data. The quantitative data was presented using tables, charts and graphs while the qualitative one has been presented using narratives and verbatim quotations. With regard to the effectiveness of the strategies used by the private sector actors in motor vehicle transport to fight corruption at the NTSA, the study established that awareness campaigns were effective as reported by 52% of respondents. Other strategies were found to be ineffective due to cost implications and there dependence on state actors whose collaboration was found to be weak. The study established that the legal framework for fighting corruption was adequate as evidenced by successful prosecution of offenders and termination of graft perpetrators at the NTSA. Its enforcement was however found to be weak besides being riddled with inconsistencies in the various provisions especially on institutional mandates and alignment with the international legal regime. The main challenges to the private sector motor transport actors’ efforts to fight corruption were the normalization of the vice as reported by 100% of respondents as well as lack of cooperation from some players in the sector. The study recommends increased collaboration between private and public sector actors and a review of the legal regime to align municipal and international laws. The findings of the study may be beneficial to the various public and private entities in devising strategies and solutions to fight corruption and ensure efficient service delivery to the public.

Effects of vigilante groups on national security: a case study of Kibera informal settlement, Nairobi County, Kenya

2022-08-04T08:44:02Z

Effects of vigilante groups on national security: a case study of Kibera informal settlement, Nairobi County, Kenya Mohamed, Shukri Abass There has been a steady increase in vigilante group in informal settlement in recent days because they have been seen as a solution to security provision by the residents of Kibera while security organs term them as causes of insecurity. This study looked at the effects of vigilante groups in Kenya with specific focus to informal settlement area of Kibera in Nairobi County. Descriptively, the study accessed the core reasons that led to the existence of vigilante groups as well as residents and state involvement in vigilante activities. This was guided by the following objectives: to establish the reasons why communities in Kibera depend on vigilante for security; to establish the strategies used by vigilante in provision of security in Kibera and to assess the challenges of the strategies used by vigilante in Kibera. The study was based on social disorganization theory, broken windows theory and security actor-network theory. The study was in the form of a descriptive survey design. A descriptive survey design describes, articulates and organizes a phenomenon under investigation. Primary and secondary data collection methods were applied to obtain data for the study. Simple random sampling approach was used to select 130 respondents for the study sample. The primary methods involved qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitatively, local administrators and vigilante group leaders were subjected to in-depth interviews. They gave in-depth views on vigilante activities. Quantitatively, youths registered in different self-help groups were subjected to semi structured interviews. The in-depth interviews were done through face-toface interviews. The SPSS version 21 was a key statistical instrument that was used for data analysis. The data was presented by the use of tables and charts. The study established that inefficiency by the state to offer essential services to the residents of informal settlement is the genesis of vigilante groups (80%). Further, strategies applied by vigilante groups in addressing security needs in Kibera seem to be effective compared to state response (40%). The study established that one of the major challenges facing Vigilante groups in Kibera is lack of funding and recognition by government (90%) and this have resulted into harassment by police when carrying out their duties (80%). The study concluded that whereas the state is struggling to stop vigilante activities in Kenya, its inefficient in offering security especially in the informal settlement areas can be the cause of existence of vigilante groups. The study also concluded that even though some of the strategies applied by vigilante groups in punishing the criminal gangs especially killing are not appropriate. The study recommends that the Government of Kenya develop plans for economically empowering young people to reduce the high unemployment rate that results to crime in society. The study suggests that the Kenyan government employ more policemen to ensure the safety of children and ensure compliance with the rule of law. The study also recommends the government should ensure that vigilante groups are enrolled to life skills and ethical trainings to make them provide security to the residents as per appropriate moral codes.

Devolved governance and pastoralist livelihood diversification in Moyale, Marsabit County, Kenya

2022-08-04T08:39:25Z

Devolved governance and pastoralist livelihood diversification in Moyale, Marsabit County, Kenya Aga, Rahma Devolved governments facilitate sustainable, equitable and high-quality services for all citizens. The Schedule (Article 18) clearly states and specifies the distribution of functions between the two levels of governance (National and County). The objective of this study was to assess the effect of Devolved Governance on Pastoralist Livelihood in Moyale Sub- County, Marsabit County, Kenya. The specific objectives include: determining the forms of livelihoods among the pastoral communities; examining the challenges pastoralist communities experience in livelihood diversification and assessing the effectiveness of the devolved governance system on pastoralist livelihood diversification. The study was anchored on three theories namely the citizen participation theory, institutional theory, and the agency theory in analyzing the link that the theories had on the study. The study employed a descriptive research design. The target population included 1771 household heads stratified as per their role in the pastoralist communities. Simple, random and purposive sampling techniques were utilized in select a sample size of 315 respondents informed by the Kothari Formula. The researcher collected primary data using questionnaires for households, interviews for elected leaders and Focus Group Discussion schedules (FGDs) to collect both qualitative and quantitative data. Quantitative data was analyzed descriptive statistics while qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis. Quantitative data was first coded, then entered into Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23 for analysis. The researcher later conducted content analysis on qualitative data from the interviews whose content were grouped and consequently analyzed into themes. The findings were presented in graphs, charts and tables as per the study objectives while applying narrative presentation in form of verbatim for the discussions and interviews. The study found that livestock-based livelihoods of pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Moyale, Marsabit County are increasingly becoming unsustainable and highly vulnerable to natural disasters. The study further established that although the Devolved Governance had initiated measures that could catalyze livelihood diversification, such as educating the locals on livelihood diversification measures and budgetary allocation on livelihoods diversification programmes, the impact made by these strategies were less than 20% (mean =1.96 SD=1.00). This may be due to failure to consult the community members, insecurity, insufficient allocation of budgets and insufficient feasibility studies. Results from 63% of the respondents indicated that close collaboration was required from both County and National governments in addressing challenges like the insecurity and market and human capital policies for the development of livelihood diversification change to occur. The study showed that pastoralists in the study area experienced considerable challenges in an effort to embrace livelihood diversification that include livestock diseases, drought, lack of business skills, lack funds for capital to diversify into other economic activities, climatic variability, inter-tribal conflicts and degradation of land. The study concluded that there was need to conserve climate and diversify into alternative sources of livelihood to attain a better quality of life for the people. The study recommends that the Devolved Governance initiates measures that could help in catalyzing livelihood diversification. In this regard, the County Government of Marsabit needs to consider providing the necessary infrastructure and resources for livelihood diversification change to occur. The study findings may benefit the National and County governments on issues around pastoralism and livelihoods as well as contribute to knowledge generation in the area of peace and governance.

Influence of family socio-economic factors on drug abuse among girls in Laini Saba Village in Kibra Sub-County, Nairobi, Kenya

2022-08-04T08:22:16Z

Influence of family socio-economic factors on drug abuse among girls in Laini Saba Village in Kibra Sub-County, Nairobi, Kenya Gathungu, Rachel Wanjiru The drug and substance abuse menace pose a serious threat to the social and economic development of a country. The threat is even more serious in developing countries where risk factors of drug abuse such as unemployment are high. The situation is worse in slum dwellings where various socio-economic factors may encourage drug abuse especially among the youth, and particularly girls, who have been found to be more vulnerable. Low family income and financial problems may also lead to dropping out of school. Poor parenting practices such as lack of parental supervision, indulgence, and neglect, as well as family background challenges such as marital conflict, divorce, and dysfunctional parent-child relationships make girls vulnerable to drug abuse. This study sought to explore the link between family socio-economic factors and drug abuse among girls, with a focus on Laini Saba village in Kibra SubCounty in Nairobi County. Laini Saba was chosen because it is one of the largest locations in Kibra Sub-County. The specific objectives of the study were to determine the extent of drug abuse among girls aged between 13 and 24 years, and to explore the relationships between family income, parental characteristics, and drug abuse. The study was guided by the family systems theory and the attachment theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design and the target population was girls and parents in Laini Saba village. Respondents from 2 secondary schools and 2 tertiary colleges were selected for the study. The population was 254 respondents, where a sample of 173 was obtained based on Creswell recommendations. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and a focus group discussion schedule. Analysis of data was carried out using descriptive and inferential statistics for quantitative data, with the aid of SPSS version 26 software and content analysis for qualitative data with the aid of NVIVO version 12 software. In adherence to ethical standards of research, the study sought consent from the respondents, and the data was treated with utmost confidentiality and anonymity. All sources were acknowledged appropriately to avoid plagiarism. The results revealed that drug abuse is rampant among the girls aged between 13 and 24 years in Laini Saba village. Most of the families were found to be living in abject poverty and that this was a major contributing factor to drug abuse among girls. The study found that family income had a negative correlation with drug abuse, meaning that the lower the family income, the higher the tendency of girls engaging in drug abuse. The study also found that girls whose parents were neglectful, gave children too much freedom, absent, or failed to monitor and advise their children, were more likely to engage in drug abuse compared to girls whose parents were strict, present, served as good role models, supervised and gave guidance to their children. The study recommends the enactment of policies and implementation of strategies to improve the economic status of parents living in low income areas in order to create employment and improve the livelihoods of these parents so that they can provide all basic needs for their children in order to prevent them from being lured into vices such as drug abuse. Government and other stakeholders such as NGOs should also set up more vocational training centres and community empowerment centres in places such as Laini Saba in order to offer training that will enable the residents to acquire skills for employment as well as selfemployment opportunities. The Government should also enhance awareness creation in informal settlements on the dangers of drug abuse, responsible parenting, and good parenting skills.

Effects of police corruption on transnational organized crimes in Nairobi County, Kenya

2022-08-04T08:14:54Z

Effects of police corruption on transnational organized crimes in Nairobi County, Kenya Ndiwa, Pius Kipyego The law enforcements are among the most paramount institutions within the society. They have the sole mandate of protecting the citizens even when that entails the utilization of aggression/violence. However, addressing the proliferation of transnational organized crimes has been a serious challenge within the policing fraternity. This study sought to evaluate the effect of police corruption on transnational organized crimes in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study was guided by the following objectives: - to examine forms of police corruption in Kenya, establish the challenges facing police corruption management and to analyze the opportunities of policing anti-corruption approaches on transnational organized crimes in Nairobi County. Public Choice and Broken Windows theories guided this research. It used mixed method techniques which integrate elements of both quantitative and qualitative techniques. The study targeted officers from departments namely; Cyber Crime Unit and Forensic Unit, Serious Crime Unit, Anti-narcotics Unit, Ballistic Unit, Anti-Terrorism Unit, Special Crime Prevention Unit, Anti-banking Fraud and land fraud unit. The DCI headquarters has a total population of 374 officers. Others include key informants from the ethics and Anti-corruption Commission (EACC), Independent Police Oversight Authority (IPOA), Ombudsman office and the Office of Directorate of Public Prosecutions totaling. The sample size of the study were 112 respondents. This study utilized stratified and snowballing sampling techniques. The study used questionnaire and an interview guide. Data collected from the field was analyzed using descriptive statistics. This study noted that bribery was the leading form of corruption within the policing fraternity while political influence was established to be among the leading challenges of addressing corruption within the NPS. Finally, this study noted that 36 (37.5%) of the respondents cited that civic education was one of the leading platforms being used in addressing the challenge of police corruption in the country and its subsequent effect on TOCs. In addition to this, 30(31.25%) of the respondents cited anti-corruption seminars, 16(16.67%) of the respondents cited corruption incidence reporting, 9(9.38%) indicated amendments of legal framework while 5(5.2%) of the respondents cited community policing. The findings implies that there is a need to sensitize the public on the possible implications of police corruption on TOCs and national security in the country. The response from Key informant interviews noted that such exercise should be conducted semi-annually by bringing all the stakeholders on board. In this regard, senior police officers and other ranks in Kenya need to engage periodically in regular trainings in a bid to improve their knowledge and comprehension levels in regard to organization rules. This will assist in lowering the various forms of police corruption such as bribery and extortion in the country as well as subsequent effect on TOCs. The study recommends finally that it is paramount to make ethics as not only to be taught in the police academy but more so be viewed to be practiced by the officers charged with the noble but daunting task of administering security in the country.

Relationship between youth unemployment and crime prevalence in Wajir County, Kenya

2022-08-04T08:11:57Z

Relationship between youth unemployment and crime prevalence in Wajir County, Kenya Abdi, Nur Dubow Youth unemployment is a serious problem in most countries in Africa. Africa is one of the regions highly affected by youth unemployment. It is estimated that more than 21% of youths in Africa are unemployed. It is estimated that 64 percent of unemployed persons in Kenya are youth. The problem of unemployment has contributed to several related challenges both indirectly and directly. The nature of youth unemployment in Wajir has been documented in various economic reports. Although the prevalence rates of crime are well documented, there is little knowledge about the interaction of youth unemployment and the prevalence of criminal activities. The purpose of this study was to establish the relationship between youth unemployment and crime prevalence in Wajir. The study examined the types of the criminal activities that are undertaken by youth in Wajir County. It explored the causes of these criminal activities. The study was guided by the following research objectives; to determine the relationship between the typology of youth-related crimes and crime prevalence in Wajir County; to establish the relationship between socio-economic perspectives of youth unemployment and crime prevalence in Wajir County; to examine the relationship between government policies on youth unemployment and the prevalence of crime in Wajir County, to establish the relationship between strategies used in crime prevention and the prevalence of crime in Wajir County. The study used mixed research method combining descriptive survey and correlational research designs. The target population of this study comprised of the police, County staff, residents of Wajir County and personnel from the Ministry of Youth personnel and Wajir County. Respondents were selected using both simple random and purposive sampling techniques. The sample size comprised of 235 respondents. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedule and documentary analysis. Data was analyzed using while quantitative data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics where multiple correlations were used. The findings of the study were presented using charts, frequency tables and graphs. The findings of this study are significant to police officers and other security agents within the County. The study finds that there is a relationship between the type of crime prevalent in Wajir County and unemployed youths. The study further concludes that government policies regarding youth unemployment contributed significantly in addressing youth-related criminal activities in the County. The study recommends that the County government should identify the type of youth-related crimes which common among the youths in Wajir County. The study recommends that economic empowerment initiatives should be better coordinated with young people first receiving training to equip them with money management and enterprise skills before being given loans. The study also recommends that the County government of Wajir should come up with appropriate policies that are meant reduce youth unemployment by enhancing access to initiatives like youth funds and 30% preference in public procurement for youth.

E-governance adoption on employment of graduates: a case of selected government institutions, Nairobi County

2022-08-04T08:07:25Z

E-governance adoption on employment of graduates: a case of selected government institutions, Nairobi County Waweru, Nicholas Njoroge Wilyton Effects of e-governance adoption in developing countries remains phenomenal, for instance, in Kenya; the government has invested heavily in e-infrastructure seeking to reward value creation, employment generation especially among graduates, and excellent enterprise, but there is no literature to explore the translation of these huge investments in e-infrastructure into long-term socioeconomic development, especially in terms of its contribution to employment creation among graduates. The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of e-governance adoption on employment levels of graduates: a case of selected government institutions, Nairobi County. Specifically, the study sought to evaluate and explore the possible contribution of e-governance adoption as an emerging phenomenon on the employment levels of graduates in Kenya with particular interest to essential e-governance aspects such as graduate knowledge on egovernance; e-governance technology; facilitating conditions of e-governance and government measures in enhancing e-governance. This study was anchored in two theories: Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology and Theory of Change. The study employed descriptive research design. The target population of study was 536 participants including ICT graduates at KNBS, Ministry of ICT, Public Service Commission headquarters, and Ministry of Labour. The sample size of the study was 114 respondents comprising of graduates and their seniors. The respondents were chosen using a stratified random sampling technique by the researcher. Likert questionnaires were used to collect primary data. The drop-and-pick method was used to administer the Likert questionnaires. The study established that adoption of e-governance technology has a significant positive effect on graduate employability and deployability occasioned by the provision of e-infrastructure and affordable data. However, the lack of technologically sound political leadership, motivation and self-efficacy of implementing bureaucrats, impedes the innovative adoption of e-governance that can translate to comprehensive employment creation. The study recommends administrative reforms to align egovernance with vision 2030 through capacity development. Further studies be carried out based on factors and variables other than the ones used in this study which might establish in-depth analysis on the e-governance adoption in relation to employment creation especially among the graduates.

Effect of workplace diversity on corporate governance: case study of Greater Pioneer Operating Company (GPOC), South Sudan

2022-08-04T08:04:53Z

Effect of workplace diversity on corporate governance: case study of Greater Pioneer Operating Company (GPOC), South Sudan Matet, Nhial Chagai Institutions seek to achieve good corporate governance, integrity, excellence and competition in the provision of their services through the possession of clear systems and procedures to ensure the adoption of good decision and the application of transparency standards in the framework of strategic planning and quality management. The study purposes to assess the effect of workplace diversity on corporate governance: A case study of Greater Pioneer Operating Company (GPOC), South Sudan. The specific objectives are to: - Analyze the effect of religious diversity; evaluate influence of gender diversity; evaluate influence of ethnic diversity and the influence of cultural diversity on corporate governance in Greater Pioneer Operating Company (GPOC) in Juba City, South Sudan. Upper Echelon’s Theory was adopted by the study. The descriptive and cross-sectional research design were employed. Target population was president of the company, board of directors, managing directors, management committee members, regional managers, and functional managers of GPOC, in South Sudan. Stratified random sampling and simple random sampling was used. Data was obtained using questionnaire and key informant interview guide. Expert opinion of the assigned University supervisor was sought on the content of the questionnaires to verify instrument’s validity. Reliability on the other hand was tested using Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation CoEfficient. Quantitative techniques were utilized together with SPSS v23.0 in analyzing data. SPSS was applied in running inferential statistics, which included regression and correlation while descriptive statistics involved obtaining mean and standard deviation. The data is presented using pie chart, bar graphs, frequency tables, and thematic analysis in continuous prose. Key findings were; based on the first objective, which was to investigate the effect of religious diversity on corporate governance. It was established to be statistically significant by (M=2.87, r=0.186, p<0.05). Based on the second objective of the study, which was to investigate the effect of gender diversity on corporate governance. It was established to be statistically significant (M=3.62, r=0.206; p<0.05). From the third objective, which was to investigate effect of ethnic diversity on corporate governance. It was found to be statistically significant (M=3.32, r=0.505; p<0.05). From the fourth objective of the study, which was to investigate effect of cultural diversity on corporate governance. It was found to be statistically significant (M=3.60, r=0.408; p<0.05). This study concludes that religious diversity, gender diversity, ethnic diversity and cultural diversity influence corporate governance. The study recommends that state corporations should strive to enhance their employees’ skills diversity with a keen emphasis on diversity in education and experience of employees that creates a diverse set of knowledge and expertise. The findings of this study may assist the government policy makers to formulate better policies concerning corporate governance in organizations not only in Juba City but across the country.