School of Humanities and Social Sciences

Antecedents of Government Security Programs Implementation Success in Combating Terrorism: A Case of Mandera County, Kenya

2026-07-31T08:09:49Z

Antecedents of Government Security Programs Implementation Success in Combating Terrorism: A Case of Mandera County, Kenya Abdullahi, Rashid Ibrahim Security threats remain a major risk to the world and safety at domestic, regional, and international level. It undermines the basic principles of law, justice, human rights, and freedom. Mandera County has been affected by different security threats including acts of terrorism. The need for proper security implementation measures needs to be put in place to deal with incidents of insecurity in the area. The overall objective of the study the study was to examine the antecedents of government security program implementation success; a case of Mandera County, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to determine how military presence; communication infrastructure and community policing influence the success of government security program implementation. The study was guided by Institutional Theory. The main research design that was adopted was descriptive correlational survey research design which was of importance in determining the relationship between the variables. The target population for the study was 22,960 people. A sample of 393 individuals who reside in Mandera were selected for this research. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires and interview schedules. Data collection instrument reliability was accepted at Cronbach’s coefficient alpha 0.7. The background data analysis was analyzed using descriptive statistics version 26 of the SPSS program. The resulting statistics in the form of percentages, means and standard deviation were used to describe the study variables. Out of 393, 323 returned their questionnaire but the remaining did not return. Stratified sampling technique was used in the study. Questionnaire and interview guides were used in data collection. Reliability of the questionnaire and all the construct generated a Cronbach’s alpha above 0.7 and was acceptable reliable. To ensure that the instruments were valid, content validity was used. The collected data was analysed with the help of statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 23.0. Percentages, means, and standard deviation were used for descriptive analysis of the indicators for each variable of the study. An overall mean of 3.0 was a clear indication of the importance of community policing strategies are in the implementation of security programs in Mandera County. Upon testing the hypothesis, an R value of 0.836 was obtained, suggesting a positive strong linear relationship between the independent and dependent variables of the study. Further, military group presence has β=0.396, Communication Infrastructure β=0.167 and Community Policing β=0.319 had an effect on security program implementation success in Mandera County. The study findings will immensely benefit various government policy makers in understanding the extent to which their acts of omission and commission are impacting the success of the security programs put in place in Mandera county and how they can improve the identified areas of weakness. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for The Award of the Degree of Master of Science in Governance Peace and Security in the Department of Governance, Peace and Security Studies, School of Humanities and Social Sciences of Africa Nazarene University

Effectiveness of County Governance System in Provision of Social Services in Kajiado North Sub County, Kenya

2026-07-30T12:18:46Z

Effectiveness of County Governance System in Provision of Social Services in Kajiado North Sub County, Kenya Karendi, Mbogori Catherine In Kenya, the challenge of ensuring efficient governance and service delivery at the county level is critical for meeting the diverse social needs of local populations. This study focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of the county governance system in providing essential services, with a specific focus on Kajiado North Sub-County. The main objective of this research is to assess the effectiveness of the county governance system in delivering social services in Kajiado North Sub-County. Specifically, the study aims to achieve three key objectives: Firstly, to determine the level of public knowledge about social service provision in Kajiado North Sub-County. Secondly, to assess the effectiveness of county governance policies in facilitating social service provision. And thirdly, to identify the primary challenges faced in the delivery of social services within Kajiado North Sub-County. Utilizing a descriptive research design, data collection targeted households, county officials, members of county assembly, provincial administrators and community stakeholders in Kajiado North Sub-County. A sample of 143 respondents was selected using a multistage sampling technique, focusing on two key wards out of the five—Oloolua and Olkeri Wards. Questionnaires, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions served as primary data collection methods, analyzed through statistical and thematic approaches. In regard to findings, under the objective to determine the level of public knowledge about social service provision, the demographic analysis revealed a balanced gender distribution within the sample, predominantly aged between 30 to 49 years, with a majority holding certificate/diploma level education. The findings unveiled widespread skepticism concerning decision-making transparency and information sharing adequacy, with 86.5% of respondents disagreeing that decision-making was open to scrutiny and 79.4% feeling information sharing was inadequate. However, it was noted that 66% of respondents agreed that providers effectively managed service risks. Similarly, regarding the evaluation of the effectiveness of county governance policies, it was found that while a significant portion of respondents deemed county governance policies adequate, concerns persisted regarding compliance challenges and perceived biases. Notably, 79.4% of respondents found the policies to be adequate, yet 64.5% agreed that entities evade compliance, and 67.4% perceived bias within the governance framework. Likewise, in identifying the key challenges faced in delivering social services within Kajiado North Sub-County, the study highlighted corruption among service providers, punitive policies dampening community participation, and inadequate funding constraining operational effectiveness as principal challenges. Qualitative insights underscored policy successes in infrastructure, healthcare, and education, advocating for balanced compliance costs and streamlined business practices. In conclusion, while confidence in county policies was evident, substantial gaps persist in transparency, public engagement, and policy implementation. Addressing key challenges such as corruption and financial constraints necessitates strategic recommendations, including awareness campaigns, policy reviews, and fostering public-private partnerships. Lastly, there were a few comprehensive recommendations that were proposed notably public awareness initiatives, periodic policy reviews, compliance monitoring mechanisms, and the establishment of inclusive advisory councils to guide decision-making in alignment with local needs. Implementing these evidence-based recommendations can foster transparency, stakeholder trust, and resilient governance frameworks for effective social service provision in Kajiado County. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Master of Science in Governance, Peace and Security in the Department of Governance, Peace and Security Studies of Africa Nazarene University

Role Of The Kenya Defence Forces In Resolving Inter-Communal Conflicts In West Pokot And Turkana Counties, Kenya

2026-07-30T12:11:31Z

Role Of The Kenya Defence Forces In Resolving Inter-Communal Conflicts In West Pokot And Turkana Counties, Kenya Mutwiwa, Annastacia Loko This study examined the role of the Kenya Defence Forces (KDF) in resolving inter- communal conflicts along the border of West Pokot and Turkana Counties. The objectives of the study were to identify the specific conflict resolution strategies employed by the Kenya Defence Forces in addressing inter-communal conflicts, assessing the impact and effectiveness of the Kenya Defence Forces' interventions in mitigating inter-communal conflict, and to investigate the operational challenges faced by the Kenya Defence Forces in their inter-communal conflict resolution efforts in West Pokot and Turkana Counties. The study considered Azar’s Theory of Conflict, the Realism Theory of Conflict Management, and the Securitization Theory. A descriptive research design was used in this investigation. The Local residents, KDF officers, Police commanders, chiefs, and county administrators were the subjects of this research. A mixed-method research design, quantitative and qualitative methods were applied in the study. Stratified Sampling and purposive sampling procedures were applied to select the subjects of the study based on the geographical area along the Turkana and West Pokot counties. The sample size was 105 respondents. A questionnaire designed to address the study's goals was used to gather data. Descriptive analysis was used to examine the data. Results are shown in the form of tables, charts, and figures when the data was coded and analyzed using descriptive analysis tools. Results contributed to a deeper understanding of how security issues were framed, perceived, and managed in conflict-affected areas. The study found that inter- communal conflicts between communities in West Pokot and Turkana Counties are recurrent and persistent, with sporadic outbreaks of violence occurring over several decades. The study also found that the Kenya Defence Forces (KDF) have utilized several conflict resolution strategies to address inter-communal conflicts in West Pokot and Turkana Counties. The study also found that KDF interventions have contributed to a reduction in inter-communal conflict incidents in the region and the conflicts in West Pokot and Turkana Counties are deeply rooted in complex inter-communal dynamics, including historical grievances, competition over resources, and ethnic tensions. KDF should prioritize meaningful engagement with local communities, including community leaders, elders, and grassroots organizations, to better understand their perspectives, needs, and grievances; KDF personnel should undergo cultural sensitivity training to better understand the socio-cultural dynamics of the communities they serve; KDF should conduct a comprehensive analysis of the root causes, dynamics, and actors involved in inter-communal conflicts in the region and KDF needs to enhance intelligence gathering capabilities through investments in technology, training, and collaboration with local informants and intelligence agencies. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Award of the Degree of Master of Science in Governance, Peace and Security, in the Department of Governance, Peace and Security Studies, School of Humanities and Social Sciences at Africa Nazarene University

Effects Of Multi-Agency Approach In Combating Money Laundering By Selected State Agencies In Nairobi, Kenya

2026-07-30T12:04:20Z

Effects Of Multi-Agency Approach In Combating Money Laundering By Selected State Agencies In Nairobi, Kenya Juma, Tonny Omondi The menace of money laundering is a universal problem that continues to adversely affect the security of states in many parts of the world. Despite Kenya adopting a multi-agency approach to tackle financial crimes in 2015, the nation’s overall money laundering threat is assessed as medium with a potential for increase while the nation’s vulnerability to money laundering is assessed as medium high. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of Multi-Agency approach in combating money laundering by selected state agencies in Nairobi, Kenya. The following objectives guided the and study; to find out the models of cooperation and coordination amongst selected state agencies involved in combating money laundering, to determine the effects of resource allocation to selected state agencies involved in combating money laundering and to establish the effects of training and capacity-building of Multi-Agency teams involved in combating money laundering. The study adopted descriptive research design and was anchored on securitization and institutional theories. The target population comprised of 383 personnel drawn from Ethics and Anti- Corruption Commission, Kenya Revenue Authority, Financial Reporting Centre, Assets Recovery Authority, National Intelligence Service, and Directorate of Criminal Investigations. Yamane’s formula was used to arrive at a sample size of 195 personnel while stratified random sampling was adopted to ensure that the sample is representative of the various subgroups within the population. Reliability of research instruments was estimated by administering the instruments to a sample of 20 respondents who did not form part of the final study. Questionnaires were used for data collection. Analysis of qualitative data was conducted in a continuous manner, where in themes and subthemes were identified as they emerged while quantitative data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings were displayed using frequency tables, charts, graphs, and percentages. Findings indicated that there is positive association between multiagency approach and combating money laundering in Nairobi, Kenya. The study recommended that the multiagency framework be entrenched in law so as to reduce red tape, mistrust and competition among participating agencies, allocate more financial and technological resources and to ensure a continuous training regime so that members of the multiagency team are up to date on new trends of money laundering. A Thesis Submitted an Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Master of Science in Governance Peace and Security in the Department of Governance, Peace and Security Studies, School of Humanities and Social Sciences at Africa Nazarene University

Influence of Online Money Lending Platforms on Economic Security of Boda-Boda Riders in Ruiru Sub- County, Kiambu County, Kenya

2026-07-30T11:53:14Z

Influence of Online Money Lending Platforms on Economic Security of Boda-Boda Riders in Ruiru Sub- County, Kiambu County, Kenya Mbuya, Andrew Access to financial services in emerging nations has been greatly enhanced by the rapid rise of technology. There can no longer be any doubt about the indisputable role that technology plays in facilitating the expansion of national economic activity through enhanced productivity, efficiency, and access to markets. This study focused on how online lending platforms influenced the economic security of boda-boda riders. This study sought to determine the effects of accessibility of online credit facilities, the effectiveness of the regulatory framework governing online money lending platforms, and the economic security challenges facing Boda-boda riders in Ruiru Sub County. The study considered Financial Growth Theory, Asymmetric Information Theory, and Technology Acceptance Model. A descriptive research design was used in this investigation. The boda-boda riders of Kiambu County's Ruiru Sub County were the intended respondents of this research 2346 in total. A cluster sampling procedure was applied to select the subjects of the study based on geographical location. Ruiru sub-county was stratified based on wards. The sample size was 365 respondents. A questionnaire designed to address the study's objectives was used to gather data. Descriptive analysis was used to examine the data. Results were shown in the form of tables, charts, and figures when the data was coded and analyzed using SPSS version 26. A total of 294 out of 365 questionnaires were analyzed, representing a response rate of 80.5%. The majority of respondents were male (93%), indicating a male-dominated boda- boda sector. A significant portion of the riders fell within the age bracket of 26-35 years, suggesting that the boda-boda business attracted mainly youthful individuals seeking employment opportunities that did not require extensive skills. The findings indicated that a high percentage of riders had KCPE and KCSE certificates as their highest level of education, highlighting the trend of individuals opting for boda-boda business as a quick way to earn money without needing advanced education. The study found that boda-boda riders extensively utilized online money-lending platforms to access loans or credit which is influenced by key factors like the convenience of applying for loans through online platforms, compared to traditional methods, the flexibility in repayment terms offered by online platforms and the awareness and visibility of online money lending platforms through advertising and promotions. The positive influence is achieved by these services serving as a safety net for households by enabling them to manage financial shocks and smooth consumption patterns more effectively. The study’s recommendations included enhancing financial literacy programs, promoting alternative financing options, and strengthening data privacy regulations to protect the economic security of boda-boda riders mitigating risks associated with online lending platforms Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Award of the Degree of Master of Science in Governance Peace and Security, in the Department of Governance Peace and Security Studies, School of Humanities and Social Sciences Africa Nazarene University

Teacher-Based Factors Influencing the Implementation of Competency-Based Education in Pre-Primary Schools in Aldai Sub-County, Nandi County

2026-07-28T12:29:45Z

Teacher-Based Factors Influencing the Implementation of Competency-Based Education in Pre-Primary Schools in Aldai Sub-County, Nandi County Bitok, Maureen Jeptoo Kenya has implemented Competency-Based Education (CBE) as a curriculum reform aimed at equipping learners with practical skills, values, and competencies for lifelong learning and effective societal participation. This study investigated teacher-based factors influencing CBE implementation among pre-primary learners in Aldai Sub- County, Nandi County, Kenya. The specific objectives were to: examine the influence of teachers' pedagogical skills on CBE implementation; determine the influence of teachers' attitudes toward CBE on its implementation; and evaluate the influence of teachers' professional competence on CBE implementation in pre-primary schools in Aldai Sub- County. Guided by Dewey's Social Constructivism Theory, the study adopted a descriptive survey design with a census of 158 respondents, comprising 106 pre-primary teachers and 52 head teachers from all public pre-primary schools in the sub-county. Data were collected through questionnaires, interview schedules, and document analysis guides, with validity established via expert review and reliability assessed using the split- half technique and Cronbach's alpha. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 29, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically using NVivo. The findings showed that pedagogical skills, attitudes toward CBE, and professional competence each significantly and positively influenced implementation, though challenges remained in competency-based assessment, resource adequacy, and translating theory into practice. Teachers generally held positive attitudes, but motivation was constrained by documentation demands, overcrowded classrooms, and limited institutional support. The study concluded that teachers’ pedagogical skills positively influence the implementation of Competency-Based Education (CBE) in pre-primary schools in Aldai Sub-County, although deficiencies in competency-based assessment practices limit the effective realization of curriculum objectives. The study concluded that teachers’ positive attitudes toward CBE support its implementation; however, the sustainability of these attitudes depends on adequate motivation, resources, leadership support, and favorable working conditions. The study concluded that teachers’ professional competence positively influences CBE implementation, but variations in content mastery and the ability to translate theory into practice constrain the consistent and effective delivery of competency-based learning experiences. Regarding teachers’ pedagogical skills, the study recommends that the Ministry of Education, through KICD, should enhance continuous school-based professional development focusing on competency-based assessment and learner-centered pedagogies. On teachers’ attitudes, the study recommends that the Nandi County Government, Sub-County Education Directorate, and school heads should strengthen teacher motivation through recognition, mentoring, support forums, and adequate staffing to promote positive attitudes toward CBE implementation. Regarding teachers’ professional competence, the study recommends that the TSC and KICD should reinforce pre-service and in-service training by emphasizing competency-based assessment, content mastery, and practical classroom application. The study recommended that further research should examine long-term effects of teacher motivation and support using longitudinal, mixed-methods approaches. Research Project Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Master’s Degree of in Early Childhood Education of Africa Nazarene University

Effect of Transformational Leadership Style of Head Teachers Commitment in Secondary Schools in Kesses Sub County, Kenya

2026-07-28T12:16:53Z

Effect of Transformational Leadership Style of Head Teachers Commitment in Secondary Schools in Kesses Sub County, Kenya Ngetich, Chebii Philip Kipkosgei Transformational leadership is a leadership style that focuses on inspiring and motivating individuals to transcend their personal interests for the benefit of the organization or group. In educational settings, particularly in secondary schools, transformational leadership has been identified as a key factor in enhancing teacher motivation, performance, and overall commitment. The role of headteachers in shaping school culture and fostering an environment that supports teachers’ professional growth is crucial in improving educational outcomes.This study aims to investigate the effect of transformational leadership styles of head teachers on teaching commitment in secondary schools in Kesses Sub County, Kenya. The study was guided by the following objectives: to examine the correlation between the transformational leadership style of head teachers and the level of teaching commitment; to identify specific traits of transformational leadership that most significantly influence teachers’ commitment; to investigate teachers’ perceptions of their head teachers’ transformational leadership behaviors and how these perceptions impact their teaching commitment; to evaluate the level of teaching commitment in schools led by transformational leaders and to explore transformational leadership policies that head teachers can adopt to enhance teaching commitment. The study was supported by transformational Leadership Theory. A mixed-method approach was used, The target population comprised 300 respondents (30 headteachers and 270 teachers), with a stratified random sample of 120 participants (30 headteachers and 90 teachers) selected from public and private secondary schools across urban and rural settings. Data were collected using validated questionnaires (Cronbach’s α = 0.82) and semi-structured interviews. A pilot study in Mosop Sub County confirmed instrument reliability. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations) via SPSS v26, while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis. The study found a strong positive relationship (45.7% strongly agreed, M = 3.82, SD = 0.786), with transformational leadership enhancing teacher motivation, performance, and school culture. Inspirational motivation (M = 3.04), idealized influence (M = 3.46), and intellectual stimulation (M = 3.55) were critical in boosting commitment, with individualized consideration (M = 3.17) being the most impactful. Positive perceptions of trust (M = 3.05), communication (M = 3.52), and empowerment (M = 3.23) significantly increased commitment, highlighting the role of relational dynamics. Schools with transformational leaders reported higher commitment (52.4%, M = 3.11), retention (47.6%, M = 3.05), and job satisfaction (50.5%, M = 3.50) than those with traditional leaders. Policies promoting professional development (54.3%, M = 3.14), recognition (57.1%, M = 3.36), and shared decision-making (52.4%, M = 3.75) were key drivers of commitment.The study concluded Transformational leadership—through visionary, supportive, and empowering practices—significantly strengthens teaching commitment. The study recommended training headteachers in transformational strategies and adopting policies that foster teacher autonomy, recognition, and collaboration. A Research Thesis Submitted in the Department of School of Humanities and Social Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Master of Education in Education Psychology , Africa Nazarene University

Role of Psychosocial Support Ecosystems in Mitigating Psychological Distress Among Bereaved Street Families in Eldoret City, Kenya

2026-07-28T07:48:28Z

Role of Psychosocial Support Ecosystems in Mitigating Psychological Distress Among Bereaved Street Families in Eldoret City, Kenya Kolebech, Jemima Jemutai Bereavement among street families occurs within conditions of homelessness, poverty, violence, discrimination, social exclusion and limited access to formal psychosocial care, increasing vulnerability to psychological distress. This study examined the role of psychosocial support ecosystems in mitigating psychological distress among bereaved street families in Eldoret City, Kenya. Specifically, it examined the level of psychological distress and the roles of government and non-governmental interventions, as well as community support. The study was guided by Ecological Systems Theory (Bronfenbrenner, 1979) and Social Support Theory (Cassel, 1976; Cobb, 1976; House, 1981). A mixed-methods approach using a convergent parallel design was adopted. The study involved 91 participants, comprising 79 bereaved street-family members and 12 key informants from government departments, faith institutions, hospitals and non- governmental organisations. Data were collected using a structured interview schedule, a key informant interview guide, and an observation checklist. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS version 26, while qualitative data were analysed thematically. The findings revealed a moderate level of psychological distress among bereaved street families (weighted mean = 3.44), with substance use emerging as the most pronounced indicator of distress (M = 4.34, SD = 1.04). Respondents reported employing both adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies, providing contextual insights into their responses to bereavement. Government interventions were perceived to have a low contribution towards mitigating psychological distress (weighted mean = 2.23), while non-governmental interventions were perceived to contribute moderately (weighted mean = 2.65). Community support also recorded a low perceived contribution (weighted mean = 2.23), reflecting challenges associated with stigma, discrimination, inconsistent assistance, and weak coordination of support systems. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed statistically significant positive relationships between psychological distress and government interventions (r = .40, p < .001), non-governmental interventions (r = .34, p = .002), and community support (r = .70, p < .001), with community support demonstrating the strongest association. Qualitative findings further revealed fragmented psychosocial services, inconsistent access to support, and inadequate coordination among service providers. The study concludes that psychosocial support ecosystems are important but fragmented, inconsistent and under-resourced. The study recommends strengthening trauma- informed counselling services, enhancing multisector collaboration among government and non-governmental actors, reducing stigma through community awareness programs, expanding outreach services, and developing inclusive bereavement support policies for street-connected populations in Kenya and similar settings. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Master of Arts in Counselling Psychology in the Department of Counselling Psychology, the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, African Nazarene University

Impact of Ethnic Conflicts on Human Development in Merti Sub-County, Isiolo County, Kenya

2026-07-28T06:47:49Z

Impact of Ethnic Conflicts on Human Development in Merti Sub-County, Isiolo County, Kenya Jattani, Boru Adhi; Jattani, Boru Adhi Ethnic conflict remains a significant impediment to human development in Kenya's arid and semi-arid lands, with Merti Sub-County in Isiolo County experiencing recurrent inter-ethnic violence that has severely constrained progress across education, health, and economic dimensions. Despite numerous government interventions and policy frameworks, persistent conflicts among pastoralist communities have continued to disrupt livelihoods, displace populations, and undermine development initiatives. This study examined the impact of ethnic conflicts on human development in Merti Sub- County, guided by four specific objectives: to examine the prevalence and nature of ethnic conflicts; to determine their effects on human development indicators; to evaluate existing policy and legal frameworks; and to identify challenges in managing ethnic conflicts for enhanced human development. This study was anchored on conflict theory and human development theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design, targeting a population of 8,558 conventional household heads in Merti-Sub County, Isiolo County, Kenya. Using Yamane's formula, a sample size of 382 household heads was selected through stratified random sampling and 50 key informants to be selected purposively. The data was collected using structured questionnaires with Likert scale items and semi-structured interview guides. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS version 26 to generate descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, means, and SDs, while qualitative data was analyzed thematically through content analysis. The findings informed evidence-based policy recommendations for improving conflict management and promoting sustainable human development in Merti Sub-County and similar pastoral contexts. The results indicated that cattle raiding (mean of 4.24) and competition over water and grazing land (mean of 4.16) were the main drivers of ethnic conflicts in Merti Sub- County. These conflicts negatively affected human development by destroying assets (85.8%), limiting healthcare (87.6%), displacing families (41.9%), and disrupting education (a mean of 3.15 and SD of 1.291). Existing formal and traditional policies to address conflicts were limited by low awareness (mean of 2.34), slow response (mean of 3.01), and enforcement challenges (mean of 4.11). Conflict management was hindered by weak law enforcement (92%), political interference (76.7%), and weapons proliferation (80.8%), with calls for stronger governance and improved infrastructure. The study concluded that ethnic conflicts in Merti Sub-County are highly prevalent and are mainly driven by competition over scarce resources, cattle raiding, and political influences, particularly among the Borana and Samburu communities. These conflicts had significant negative effects on human development, including loss of lives, increased poverty, disrupted healthcare services, and hindered economic growth, although the impact on education was localized. The study also found out that existing policy and legal frameworks were largely ineffective due to low public awareness, weak implementation, corruption, and political interference, despite the potential of traditional systems such as Dedha. The study therefore recommended strengthening early warning systems, promoting sustainable resource management, enhancing policy implementation and public awareness, integrating traditional conflict resolution mechanisms, and investing in disarmament, youth empowerment, and community cohesion initiatives to foster sustainable peace and improved human development. The findings provided empirical evidence to inform the design and implementation of more effective conflict management policies and human development interventions by government agencies and local communities’ leadership in Merti Sub-County and similar pastoral contexts. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Master of Science in Governance, Peace and Security Studies Degree in the Department of Governance, Peace And Security Studies, School Of Humanities and Social Sciences, Africa Nazarene University

Effects of Menstrual Hygiene Management on the Self- Esteem of Vulnerable Girls in Coffee Ministry Organization in Kibra Constituency, Nairobi County, Kenya

2026-07-28T06:29:44Z

Effects of Menstrual Hygiene Management on the Self- Esteem of Vulnerable Girls in Coffee Ministry Organization in Kibra Constituency, Nairobi County, Kenya Wanjiku, Gitau Tabitha Menstrual hygiene management refers to processes and resources essential for women and girls to effectively manage their menstruation in dignity and safety. However, many girls, especially those in disadvantaged communities, continue to experience obstacles in menstrual hygiene management. The main objective of this study was to investigate effects of menstrual hygiene management on the self-esteem of vulnerable girls in Kibra constituency, in Nairobi County, Kenya. The objectives were to examine effects of menstrual hygiene products on the self-esteem of vulnerable girls; to establish effects of menstrual hygiene management education and awareness on the self-esteem of vulnerable girls; to examine effects of menstrual hygiene management sociocultural factors on the self-esteem of vulnerable girls and; to determine effects of clean sanitation facilities on the self-esteem of vulnerable girls during menstruation in Coffee Ministry in Kibra, Nairobi. Liberal feminism theory and Maslow hierarchy of needs was employed in determining the effects of menstrual hygiene management on self-esteem. Data was collected using both qualitative and quantitative methods through self-administered research questionnaires and interviews. Further, the study respondents consisted of 222 respondents aged 10 to 19, and 15 community workers all affiliated to the Coffee Ministry. A sample size was determined using simple and stratified random sampling that consisted of four strata based on age 10- 12, 13-14, 15-16 and 17-19. A qualitative and quantitative approach was used to provide comprehensive and holistic data, which was analyzed through a descriptive and thematic approach. Collected data of this study were decoded and presented through graphs, tables, and charts using Statistical packages for the social sciences (SPSS). The study established that access to menstrual products boosted girls’ self-esteem. Further, the findings of the study showed that many respondents exposed to menstrual education experienced high self-esteem levels. This study found out that access to clean, private, and secure sanitation facilities resulted in increased confidence and ease in menstrual management. Further, the study established that sociocultural factors led to shame and stigma. Therefore, multi- stakeholder interventions, that includes comprehensive menstrual education, provision of free or affordable sanitary products, improved school sanitation infrastructure, and challenging harmful cultural beliefs surrounding menstruation, are recommended. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Master of Arts in Counselling Psychology in the Department of Counselling Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences of Africa Nazarene University